Aqui un ejemplo de palabras cotidianas para empesar:

Primer condicional

En realidad, hay una variedad casi infinita de frases condicionales, pero para aprender condicionales lo que hay que tener en cuenta es si la condición es muy probable de cumplirse o no.

Así podemos dividir las frases condicionales en varios grupos: probables, poco probables y imposibles. Podemos darles los números de 1 a 3 para designar el nivel de seguridad que tenemos. Aquí hablaremos solo del primer y segundo condicional.

Primer condicional: situaciones que vemos muy probables:

(If + present simple, will + infinitive)

If you wash the dishes, I’ll clean the living room.

If she asks me, I’ll help her.

If you marry him, he’ll be very happy.

Voz Pasiva en pasado

La voz activa es la forma en que hablamos habitualmente. Siempre decimos que alguien (una persona) realiza (o no realiza) una acción.



Por ejemplo:

Presente: Michael corta la manzana.

Michael cuts the apple.[maikel catsdiapel]

Pasado: Michael cortó la manzana.

Michael cut the apple.[maikel catdiapel]



En este ejemplo decimos que alguien llamado "Michael" realiza (o realizó) la acción de cortar la manzana.



Por tanto, la voz activa se refiere a aquellas frases en las que expresamos que una persona (el sujeto) realiza una acción.



No obstante, hay ocasiones en que no queremos resaltar que una persona es la que realiza la acción. En este caso, hacemos que el objeto (cosas o personas sobre las que recae la acción) cobre el protagonismo de la acción. En el ejemplo que hemos visto, diríamos:

Presente: La manzana es cortada.

The apple is cut.[di apelIscat]

Pasado: La manzana fue cortada.

The apple was cut.[di apelguascat]

Tag Questions

You speak English, don't you?

A tag question is a special construction in English. It is a statement followed by a mini-question. The whole sentence is a "tag question", and the mini-question at the end is called a "question tag".

A "tag" is something small that we add to something larger. For example, the little piece of cloth added to a shirt showing size or washing instructions is a tag.

We use tag questions at the end of statements to ask for confirmation. They mean something like: "Am I right?" or "Do you agree?" They are very common in English.

The basic structure is:

statement	question tag
+ Positive statement,	- negative tag?
Snow is white,	isn't it?
- Negative statement,	+ positive tag?
You don't like me,	do you?

Notice that the question tag repeats the auxiliary verb (or main verb when be) from the statement and changes it to negative or positive.

A question tag is the "mini-question" at the end. A tag question is the whole sentence.

We will now look at positive statement tag questions.

 

Segundo Parcial

 

Segundo condicional

 

En el segundo condicional, las expresiones que utilizamos, tanto en presente como en futuro, son situaciones hipotéticas, que por lo general son irreales o imposibles:

Estructura:

• CLÁUSULA CONDICIONAL: IF + simple past.
• CLÁUSULA PRINCIPAL: WOULD/WOULDN´T + infinitivo.

Ejemplos:

• If I were rich, I would buy a castle. Si fuera rico, compraría un castillo.
• If I were him, I would go and see a doctor. Si fuera él -en su lugar- consultaría con un médico.

 

 

Past Perfect

Se usa el pasado perfecto en inglés (past perfect) para hablar de una acción que occurió antes de otra acción, las dos siendo en el pasado. Se usa para mostrar el orden del las acciónes del pasado.

Example

When I arrived at the bus stop the bus had already left. Cuando llegué a la parada del autobus el autobus ya se habia ido.

1st acción - the bus left
2nd acción - I arrived at the bus stop

Fórmula:

1. Afirmativos y negativos

Subject + had/hadn´t + past participle

Tips (tips = consejos)

Sigue las mismas reglas para verbos regulares que las del pasado simple:

If the verb has one syllable and finishes with one vowel followed by one consonant you need to double the consonant
Example: stop –> stopped

If the verb finishes in ‘y’ you need to take away the ‘y’ and add ‘ied’
Example: study –> studied

For all other regular verbs just add 'ed'

2. Preguntas:

Question word + had + subject + past participle
Where had you been? (¿donde habias estado?)
or
Had + subject + past participle
Had he seen it before? (¿lo habias visto antes?)

Tips (consejos)

Cuando se usa la palabra already (ya) con este tiempo se pone entre had y el past participle
Example
When I got there the party had already started. Cuando llegué la fiesta ya habia empezado

1st acción: the party started -
2nd acción: I got there

By the time significa cuando en español

Antes de usar el pasado perfecto preguntarse si una acción habia occurido antes de la otra acción
Ejercicio:

Put the verbs in the correct form – past simple or past perfect.

1 By the time……………………….(stop) raining the whole village…………………… (be) flooded.

2 I eventually ………….(find) my keys which I …………..(leave) on the table in the living room.

3 After I …………….(speak) to the doctor I ………..(feel) much better.

4 I ……….(study) a lot the day before I …………(took) my English 1st Certificate exam.

Tercer Parcial

Comparatives and Superlatives

Comparatives and superlatives are fairly simple. Comparatives are the comparison of one person or thing to another (more, less, or as... as), while superlatives indicate that one person/thing is the most, best, least, or worst of all.

I. Comparatives come in three varieties:

Superiority	más... (que)	more... than or ____er than
Inferiority	menos... (que)	less/fewer... than
Equality	tan... como	as... as
	tanto... como	as much/many as

Notes

1. With más and menos, the que + noun/pronoun construction is (optional). With tan and tanto como, however, the noun/pronoun is required.

2. In comparatives of equality, tan is used with adjectives (tan guapo como) and adverbs (tan rápidamente como), while tanto (tanta, tantos, tantas) is used with nouns (tanto dinero como) and verbs (trabajamos tanto como).

3. Bueno and malo have irregular comparative forms (see III, below).

Tú eres más interesante (que nosotros).	You are more interesting (than we are).
Ana es más grande (que Lucas).	Ana is taller (than Lucas).
Sevilla es menos caro (que Barcelona).	Sevilla is less/not as expensive (than/as Barcelona).
Soy tan guapo como José.	I'm as handsome as José.
Tengo tanto dinero como Uds.	I have as much money as you.

II. Superlatives are formed with the definite article + noun + más or menos + adjective. Note that when the superlative uses "in" (e.g., the tallest in the world, the happiest in the house), "in" is translated by de.

Carlos es la persona más inteligente que trabaja aquí.	Carlos is the most intelligent person who works here.
Es la ciudad menos interesante del mundo.	It's the least interesting city in the world.
Es el profesor más amable de la escuela.	He is the nicest teacher in the school.

III. Exceptions: Bueno and malo have irregular forms for the comparative and superlative.

	Comparative	Superlative
Bueno	mejor(es)	lo(s)/la(s) mejor(es)
Malo	peor(es)	lo(s)/la(s) peor(es)

In the superlative, they are placed in front of the noun they modify.

Mi restaurante es mejor (que esto).	My restaurant is better (than this one).
Son los mejores profesores de la escuela.	They are the best teachers in the school.
El libro es peor (que la película).	The book is worse (than the movie).
Es la peor idea del mundo.	It's the worst idea in the world.

Third Conditional:

The first conditional and second conditionals talk about the future. With the third conditional we talk about the past. We talk about a condition in the past that did not happen. That is why there is no possibility for this condition. The third conditional is also like a dream, but with no possibility of the dream coming true.

Last week you bought a lottery ticket. But you did not win. :-(

	condition	result
	Past Perfect	WOULD HAVE + Past Participle
If	I had won the lottery	I would have bought a car.

Notice that we are thinking about an impossible past condition. You did not win the lottery. So the condition was not true, and that particular condition can never be true because it is finished. We use the past perfect tense to talk about the impossible past condition. We use WOULD HAVE + past participle to talk about the impossible past result. The important thing about the third conditional is that both the condition and result are impossible now.

Sometimes, we use should have, could have, might have instead of would have, for example: If you had bought a lottery ticket, you might have won.

IF	condition	result
	past perfect	WOULD HAVE + past participle
If	I had seen Mary	I would have told her.
If	Tara had been free yesterday	I would have invited her.
If	they had not passed their exam	their teacher would have been sad.
If	it had rained yesterday	would you have stayed at home?
If	it had rained yesterday	what would you have done?

 

result	IF	condition
WOULD HAVE + past participle		past perfect
I would have told Mary	if	I had seen her.
I would have invited Tara	if	she had been free yesterday.
Their teacher would have been sad	if	they had not passed their exam.
Would you have stayed at home	if	it had rained yesterday?
What would you have done	if	it had rained yesterday?

 

Relative Clauses

 

 

Un relative clause hace referencia a una persona o cosa ya mencionada anteriormente en la frase. Aqui vamos a mirar los defining relative clauses (sin comas).

Ejemplo:
The woman who lives in that house is Spanish. La mujer que vive en aquella casa es Española.

Se usa who para personas

Tambien se puede usar that para personas con el mismo significado en un defining relative clause (sin comas)

Ejemplo:
The woman that lives in that house is Spanish. La mujer que vive en aquella casa es Española.

Se usa that ó which para cosas en un defining relative clause (sin comas) aunque el uso de that es mas común.

Ejemplo:
This is the house that I used to live in. Esta es la casa donde vivía.

Ejercicio
Completar estas frases con who ó that y despues.

1.She is the woman ........won the lottery. Ella es la mujer que ganó la lotería.
2.They are the people ..................live in the village. Ellos son las personas que viven en el pueblo. 3.Vegetarians are people ...............don’t eat meat. Los vegetarianos son las personas que no comen carne.
4.This is the place …………..I told you about. Este es el lugar que te conté.
5.This is the restaurant …………..I like. Este es el restaurante que me gusta.

Adjectives.

 

In this unit we’ll explain the adjetivo (adjective) in Spanish. As opposed to other languages, such as English, the adjetivo agrees in gender (masculino and femenino) and in number (singular and plural) with the noun it modifies. There are two types of adjetivos:

 

1. The adjetivos calificativos (descriptive adjectives): grande (big), pequeño (small), bonito (pretty, nice), moreno (tanned), inteligente (inteligent).
2. The adjetivos determinativos (limiting adjectives): demostrativos (demonstrative), posesivos (possessive), numerales (cardinal, ordinal), indefinidos (indefinite), and cuantitativos (quantitative). In this unit we’ll look at the demostrativos, posesivos and numerales

Ejemplos:

The car-shaped balloon floated over the treetops.

Mrs. Smith papered her living room walls with hideous wall paper.

The large boat foundered on the wine dark sea.

The coal mines are dark and dank.

Many stores have already begun to play irritating Christmas music.

A battered music box sat on the mahogany sideboard.

The back room was filled with large, green rain boots.